The following blog post is based on a conversation between Stuart ‘The Wildman’ Mabbutt and William Mankelow. This conversation is featured on an episode of their podcast: The People’s Countryside Environmental Debate Podcast. The episode, titled ‘Environmental Intricacies Explored’, was released on the 21st of January, 2024, and you can listen to it here on Podfollow, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, or Spotify.

This transcription was created with the help of Sophie Williams, a micro-intern from the University of Oxford.

Life’s evolution has always formed and influenced the makeup of the Earth’s atmosphere with various tipping points along the way. Why wouldn’t man’s population passing 9.5 billion again be a tipping point? Planting trees costs a lot of money, and if many/most die, it is arguably a waste of money. Is it better to reduce the amount of trees we are cutting down and the drivers behind that cutting?

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Stuart: This is The People’s Countryside Environmental Debate Podcast. We don’t talk about the countryside as much as we used to. You guys send in questions, and we try and cover them all. We always try and bring it back to an environmental angle. We hope to stretch your thinking and maybe explore opinions, different opinions to yourselves, and realize opinions are not facts, they’re just momentary passes of consciousness. I’m Stuart, The Wildman, Mabbutt, one of the co-hosts, and he is:

Stuart: Yeah, you had all that written down, I reckon, on your phone.

Stuart: And we like to deal with certainties, but life is full of insecurities about our lack of knowledge. And William and I always try and to not cover up our lack of knowledge, we just try and explore the grey areas of our own understanding, and hopefully it relates to your understanding of the world as well, don’t you agree?

Stuart: We try and have the conversations that need having. Very often they are conversations not a debate, but we try and show localized actions to try and improve the quality of life wherever you’re listening in the world through this podcast and through actions we try and address what some of the questions and the challenges you set us to discuss. So, we try and come up with actions, not every time, but we’re just like you, we’re just trying to find the way in the world, we’re not experts.

Stuart: Hm, yes it does and keep sending your questions in for us to discuss. We’ve now got 18 lined up. So, they’re reducing. We were up to about 70 odd at one time, but we’re down to about 18. So, if you get your question in now, we’ll cover it sooner than we would have done at one point. How can they email us the questions, William?

Stuart: What’s a game changer backer? 

Stuart: But there’s a change to the format in our Patreon releases come February 2024. What’s that?

Stuart: Yeah, 10:00 and. 5:00. 

Stuart: UK time. Hammer time! Right, we’ve got two questions today to cover one from Elaine in Telford, Shropshire, England.

Stuart: Well Ice Speedway at one time back in the 90s in February.

Stuart: Yeah, well, sort of. Yeah. But, well, what day of the year was that on?

Stuart: It was always on Valentine’s Day. 

Stuart: Anyway, so Roman in Slovakia, he’s got a question for us as well. So, we’ll do Elaine’s and then we’ll do Roman’s. Do you want to read Elaine’s question out first, William?

Stuart: Loads in there.

Stuart: I was watching, I think it was a David Attenborough programme, a while back, autumn time I think it was. And he was talking about the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, oxygen. Now many people argue that life the instigator of life came from another planet. It was like a meteor, right, that it brought some chemical here that activated life. But wherever it came from, the first things were amoeba and plankton. And that when they started to evolve, that they would produce oxygen in the sea. And when the sea got to the capacity, couldn’t hold any more oxygen in it, little air bubbles would disappear and that formed the atmosphere, the oxygen in the atmosphere. That takes billions of years and so, what you’re saying there right from the start, life’s evolution has always formed and influenced the makeup of the Earth’s atmosphere with various tipping points along the way. Well, I think what you’re talking about there is that, you know, the oxygen in the water it then went in and formed the atmosphere that is then breathable. So yeah, life has a consequence. So why wouldn’t life have a consequence now? Which it brings you back to, is global warming manmade or not? Well, how can man not have an impact, positive and negative, which is what she says.

Stuart: Hmm. Yeah, these amoebae were just getting on doing their thing. Were they conscious?

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Stuart: I mean in man approaching 9.5 billion in population, could that again be a tipping point? Well, why wouldn’t it be? And why aren’t there tipping points that we haven’t even noticed before? You know, tipping points happen all the time.

Stuart: Who’s to say that 9.5 billion is not sustainable, though? Because it’s the way we distribute the wealth and the food and the resources. That’s what’s not sustainable. I don’t think 9.5 billion is unsustainable, just the way we live it is.

Stuart: I was reading the other day that in Japan that there’s a societal challenge there because there’s a shortage of births, of both genders.

Stuart: There is. I think we’ve covered that life’s evolution will always have an influence on the Earth’s atmosphere and the Earth as a whole. We’ve also discussed this, but I’ll just quickly cover it. When will we all admit that the human existence will have positive and negative effects on the human planet? I don’t think we will all agree on anything. I don’t think we need to. Again, it’s the critical mass, you know. 

Stuart: You’d hope, but I think it’s uh…

Stuart: We’ve got to evolve a huge amount before we get to that point. 

Stuart: Yeah. Will there ever be a time when we’re not motivated to change just because it has personal benefit on us or our pockets? I remember leading a walk once and I asked this question, in this clearing. I said, you know, why doesn’t man live sustainably? And one person said we’ll never live sustainably because we’re only ever motivated by what’s in our pockets, which Elaine sort of hints at again. Will there ever be a time when we’re not motivated to change just because the personal benefit is in our pockets? I would hope to think there is a time where we’re motivated by other things as well, but I can’t ever see a point where we’re not motivated by how much money we’ve got in our pockets. That’s always going to influence these shiny things that we say have value, but it actually means nothing really.

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Stuart: Hmm yeah. I don’t imagine the time where we’re not motivated by that, but I’d like to imagine a time where we’re motivated by other things as well to answer that.

Stuart: Well, the modern-day manifestation we probably could, but the barter system is still money. There’s still a financial system. There’s still an exchange of goods and services. There’s still value. Again, I don’t know if we need to get rid of money, it’s just the value system needs to modify. We’re basically fucked, aren’t we?

Stuart: If we ever manage to get out into space and colonise then we’re just going to make a mess of it like we have here. We haven’t learned the lessons. 

Stuart: Our own evolution and we’re not even there yet. It’s like the human brain. You asked me once how does acupuncture work. And I was thinking last night, an acupuncture, an interpretation I came up with last night. I can’t quite remember. But I think my conclusion was that when you take a painkiller, there are some painkillers that affect the nerve endings where the pain is. And then there are other painkillers that affect the receptors in the brain. So, acupuncture sort of is blocking those chains of communication. You have these certain pressure points around the body that if you stick a needle in it, it’s either going to confuse the brain because it’s recognising something at the nerve end or it’s got a direct line to the brain. So, you’re reworking the pathways in the brain, effectively. That’s how acupuncture works for me, and going back to the human brain, I don’t think we’ll ever really understand how acupuncture and things like that work because we don’t understand the human brain and the same with… 

Stuart: We are, but we will never catch up with it. We will always be behind.

Stuart: It’s disturbing when you actually [think about it]. You never know where or how we’re going to evolve. I just think we’re on a losing wicket. You know, our ability to question and understand and in theory be conscious.

 Stuart: But the human brain has been evolving for more than those 50,000 years. It was evolving for millions of years before that, you know. So we’re millions of years behind our own brains. That’s a nice transition to the next question. We’re talking about planting there; Roman in Slovakia has placed our second question. He’s talking about planting. Do you want to have a read of this one? I’ve started to read it as you were talking. It’s kind of like a bit of crossfade going on.

Stuart: This is a move away from your normal subject, Roman, which is, cars and travel and transport. That’s my take on it. Let’s look at it from the top. Is tree planting the best thing for conservation? I like your thinking here. I don’t think it necessarily is. It’s how we do it, when we do, and why we do it. 

Stuart: Potentially, but it’s not the conclusion of the matter. 

Stuart: Oh yeah, yeah.

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Stuart: But people thought, a tree, great, fantastic, but think about the ecosystem. What Roman’s talking about here, the natural succession gives functioning communities of trees and shrubs genetically suited to their environment, plus all the species that go along with that. Now what I think, Roman, you’re hinting at is when you get a natural piece of woodland. A piece of land starts off as grassland, then you get colonized by scrubland, which is small trees and shrubs, and then you’ll get taller trees coming in and it will turn into heathland and then it will turn into woodland and then it will turn into climax woodland after about three or four hundred years because certain trees like ashes and oaks, they will come up and dominate and then can kill off everything underneath and then when they die it all goes back to the beginning. So that successional biodiversity is lost, because if we’re planting, we’re actually jumping, trying to give woodlands a helping hand in planting the trees that would come about 30-40 years later, maybe 100 years later. There’s a layer of biodiversity in life that’s missing. So yeah, it does need thinking about. Natural succession is an important thing. There is a book up on the shelf called The Hidden Life of Trees, and that talks about if you get a (I talk about this in the corporate workshops we do out in nature). If (I’m not suggesting you do this), if you get an ancient forest and you cut it down and you dig the roots up, all those trees are connected, so the stronger trees make themselves slightly weaker by feeding the weaker trees, which makes them slightly stronger. So as a whole, it’s one big organism because the roots are all entwined. And I say that with corporate workshops saying when you’re working as a team, it’s not about the strongest being up there and the weakest being down here, you need the stronger to make themselves weaker to make the weaker stronger and as a group you’re stronger. 

Stuart: Now, but when you plant a woodland and say you cut it down 200 years later, those roots have not connected, so a self-sown woodland that’s naturally colonised is a much healthier ecosystem because the roots are all connected. 

Stuart: Yeah. It goes on, another passage in this statement. Firstly, planting trees bypasses the natural successional stages that so much of our biodiversity depends on. Yes, exactly. When you’re planting, you’re playing God. And you’re saying, OK, well, we’re going to give it a helping hand at this point. But who’s to say that’s the best helping hand? You know? It has an impact, like in Elaine’s question. Life has an impact and us planting trees has a positive and negative impact. And by denying that, denies the learning.

Stuart: I remember, about 20 odd years ago, I used to do some conservation work up over at a country park just outside of Oxford. And when we were clearing some birch trees, this bloke walked past, who wasn’t interested in talking. He just said “look what you’re destroying now”. But actually, there were a lot of them up there, but we just cleared the section, and before we started cutting them, there were about 20 different species of plants growing under them, and then when we cleared them, within three years, there were nearly 500 different species of plants growing. So, it’s that diversity. It’s sort of like we need to have these conversations and not be too protectionist.

Stuart: A lot of trees are imported. 

Stuart: It’s about cost. It’s the effectiveness and the supply. I mean disease gets transferred around. It’s like Dutch Elm disease in the UK. That really killed off most of our Elm trees in the 70s and 80s, but that’s because, genetically, most of the Elm trees in this country are the same tree because they are cutting root cuttings from the same [type] and that’s how they propagated most effectively, because they send up suckers. So, they’re genetically too narrow, but actually those trees are all still alive. The roots are all still down there. Well, most are still down there because you get the regrowth, and they live for about four years. And then they get the Elm disease again, and then it kills those growths back, but the roots are still down there. Then the next generation of suckers will come up. And the reason they live for about four years is because the beetle that spreads the virus, this bacteria/fungus, whatever it is, it’s flying at that height, so when the Elm tree gets to about four years old, the beetles find it, and then it spreads the disease. But those roots are all still down there and they reckon it will take one generation of Elm trees to become immune to Dutch Elm disease. Unfortunately, a generation of Elm trees is 400 years. So, we’ve got another 370/360 odd years to go before we see our Elm trees come back. But the point there is, genetically, we’re very efficient at propagating plants, but the genetic makeup is maybe too narrow, so they’re not immune. It’s like roses. People want to grow roses that don’t suffer with black spot, various funguses, and greenfly. Most insects find their host plant by smell, so the roses aren’t as fragrant as they used to be, as they were years ago in our grandparents’ days because the insects would find the roses through smell. The smell has been bred out of them. So, they don’t smell anymore, but they’re more effective at fighting off disease. But genetically they’re much narrower.

Stuart: Thirdly, Roman says, many/most planted trees are not properly looked after and many die. There is a lot of cynicism when you get all these developments going up and, oh, where are we going to put these trees in. If you look next to the Water Eaton Park & Ride in Kidlington, loads of trees are planted around there and most by the entrance and most of them just haven’t survived. But nobody’s noticing. And if you raised that, oh we’ll put some trees in somewhere else. We have to look after these darn things.

Stuart: Yeah. So, we’re doing short-term thinking and turning a blind eye. And then somebody else will come and say well let’s plant some more trees, that didn’t work. Let’s plant some more trees. We’re not learning. 

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Stuart: That’s another angle.

Stuart: Yeah, but in the Plain Roundabout, just before Christmas, in Oxford…

Stuart: Yeah. They took a tree down there and you know, is that just health and safety gone mad? I do know the tree officer for Oxford City Council, you know, his hearts in the right place. But, you know, and you get caught up in bureaucracy and procedure and health and safety and job protectionism, and you know, are you doing the right thing?

Stuart: Talking about a negative, I was talking to a woman the other day. There’s only one or two people I’ve ever met that didn’t feel uncomfortable out in nature. And she said, “yeah, I do like trees”, but she said “I saw that tree yesterday. It’s not doing anything different today than it was yesterday. Why do I need to see it a second time?” I think trees, we’re obsessed with them because they give us a sense of permanence and also give us a sense of impermanence when you see parts of the woods and jungles cleared. Actually, the Sycamore Gap…

Stuart: It’s in the Yorkshire, isn’t it? Oh yeah Hadrian’s Wall. There was a Sycamore last year. It had been growing for 2-3 hundred years in this valley by Hadrian’s Wall, on the boundary between England and Scotland. Or the ancient boundary. Not the current one. And the current ones marked up, by empty whisky bottles, ha-ha. Anyway, I shouldn’t say that. Anyway, so somebody cut it down, but I think that root would regrow, you know, if it’s left, 

Stuart: I think it comes down to permanence again.

Stuart: It’s a little bit like watching Inspector Morse as he goes through Oxford. 

Stuart: Yeah. Positive, well, I think it gives us a sense of permanence. It gives us a sense of where we stand in the world, but also, we’re unhealthily glued to that sense of permanence.

Stuart: It gives shade, but I just think now we need to think of that…

Stuart: It does. But I think we need to, when we think of a positive agenda, let’s just broadly understand why we’re moving away from trees. Include them because trees have an important role to play, but they’re not the answer on their own. That’s the most positive thing I can say about trees. If you don’t have them, your fucked. If you plant too many of them, your fucked. 

Stuart: We had Warneford Meadows along here, and the conversation, when they wanted to set up a management plan, I said, what do you want to preserve? How it used to be? How it is? Or how you want it to look in the future? And they still haven’t answered that question. Now they’re still fighting about what should be done.

Stuart: No, exactly. And it was right next to a mental health facility which you have thought they would have understood the benefit of being green.

Stuart: Yeah. But they’re talking about moving that. They’re going to be moving with the Warneford Hospital somewhere else. And that’s going to be a science research, study centre for Oxford University. Interesting. Anyway, so that’s another episode of The People’s Countryside Environment Debate Podcast with him. 

Stuart: And I’m Stuart, the Wildman, Mabbutt, the other co-host. We’ll be back soon. The next two questions are coming from Iris in Whitley Rocks and Fanaka in Kenya.

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